Under Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad Gragn), Adal launched a campaign that for sixteen years extended Muslim authority across most of the central highlands. Churches, manuscripts, and dynasties on both sides were burned, lost, or rewritten. The campaign is one of the most contested events in Ethiopian historiography — celebrated as revival, condemned as conquest, depending on who is writing.
- Capital
- Harar (from 1520)
- Greatest leader
- Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ghāzī
- Apex
- 1531 — 1543
- Decline
- Ottoman/Portuguese intervention